Chapter 8 - PRESSURES ON THE SYSTEM

  With the 1982 completion of the orbital flight test series, NASA
began a planned acceleration of the Space Shuttle launch schedule.
One early plan contemplated an eventual rate of a mission a week, but
realism forced several downward revisions.  In 1985, NASA published a
projection calling for an annual rate of 24 flights by 1990.  Long
before the Challenger accident, however, it was becoming obvious that
even the modified goal of two flights a month was overambitious.

  In establishing the schedule, NASA had not provided adequate
resources for its attainment.  As a result, the capabilities of the
system were strained by the modest nine-mission rate of 1985, and the
evidence suggests that NASA would not have been able to accomplish the
14 flights scheduled for 1986.  These are the major conclusions of a
Commission examination of the pressures and problems attendant upon
the accelerated launch schedule.

FINDINGS

1.  The capabilities of the system were stretched to the limit to
support the flight rate in winter 1985/1986.  Projections into the
spring and summer of 1986 showed a clear trend; the system, as it
existed, would have been unable to deliver crew training software for
scheduled flights by the designated dates.  The result would have been
an unacceptable compression of the time available for the crews to
accomplish their required training.

2.  Spare parts are in critically short supply.  The Shuttle program
made a conscious decision to postpone spare parts procurements in
favor of budget items of perceived higher priority.  Lack of spare
parts would likely have limited flight operations in 1986.

3.  Stated manifesting policies are not enforced.  Numerous late
manifest changes (after the cargo integration review) have been made
to both major payloads and minor payloads throughout the Shuttle
program.

    Late changes to major payloads or program requirements can require
extensive resources (money, manpower, facilities) to implement.

    If many late changes to "minor" payloads occur, resources are
quickly absorbed.

    Payload specialists frequently were added to a flight well after
announced deadlines.

    Late changes to a mission adversely affect the training and
development of procedures for subsequent missions.

4.  The scheduled flight rate did not accurately reflect the
capabilities and resources.

    The flight rate was not reduced to accommodate periods of
adjustment in the capacity of the work force.  There was no margin in
the system to accommodate unforeseen hardware problems.

    Resources were primarily directed toward supporting the flights
and thus not enough were available to improve and expand facilities
needed to support a higher flight rate.

5.  Training simulators may be the limiting factor on the flight rate:
the two current simulators cannot train crews for more than 12-15
flights per year.

6.  When flights come in rapid succession, current requirements do not
ensure that critical anomalies occurring during one flight are
identified and addressed appropriately before the next flight.

(Source:  The Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger
Accident Report, June 6, 1986 p.164, p.176)